Chapter 8: The Unit of Life. All living organisms are made of cell- it could be a single-celled or multiple-celled. After defining cell, this topic also concludes cell theory. This theory suggests that all living beings comprise of cell and cell products, and cells are created from prevailing cells.
It provides a detailed overview of the cell and the difference between plant cell and animal cell. Moreover, it also encapsulates various types of cells with examples like a red blood cell, white blood cells, columnar epithelial cells, nerve cells, mesophyll cells, etc. Lastly, this chapter closes with two major types of cells — prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and their characteristics, functions, etc.
Chapter 9: Biomolecules. All living organisms in this biosphere are composed of different chemicals that are known as compounds and elements. Biomolecules help to identify these compounds by synthesising, and these are called metabolites. This topic also provides elaborated knowledge about different metabolites. Moving forward, students get to know about various biomolecules, proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acid, etc. A detailed idea about protein structure, characters of bonds that link monomers in polymers, metabolism concept, etc.
Importance of metabolism, various enzymes and their functions are also available here. Chapter Cell Cycle and Cell Division. This is the last chapter of this unit, where students learn about every aspect of the cell. This topic of NCERT books PDF class 11 biology speaks about a biological phenomenon that every living being starts with a single cell, and they gradually grow to be a multicellular organism.
It describes how this process works and what is a cell cycle. Students can also study different phases of cell cycle like interphase, M phase, G1, S, and G2 phase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, etc. In the other part of this chapter, students can prepare cell divisions and its classifications. It explains two major process mitosis and meiosis and their significance, working process.
Unit 4: Plant Physiology. This is the start of unit four, that includes five chapters. This unit is all about plant physiology and its various aspects. Chapter Transport in Plants. This eleventh chapter of 11th NCERT biology book PDF starts with how water and other substance reach the topmost part of a tree or how they transport various element between cells. The transport system that plants use is demonstrated here.
Moreover, the relation between plants and water and its importance can be learnt from chapter eleven. Also, students can know about long-distance water transport, and other nutrients and minerals are elaborated here. Another process called transpiration is explained here with an example.
Lastly, how trees use their phloem cell to perform their transport system from the source, can be understood easily by students. Chapter Mineral Nutrients. In this chapter of NCERT 11th biology book PDF, students can learn about various methods to study what all minerals plants need for their growth and living. With this study, they come to know about all the essential minerals that plants require. Moreover, this chapter also explains the mechanism with which plants absorb these essential elements.
This topic also helps students to understand the translocation process of solutes and the metabolism system of nitrogen. Furthermore, it also explains how soil works as the reservoir of these essential elements that plants absorb and transport to their different body parts and perform their physiological activities. Chapter Photosynthesis in Higher Plants. All students who study biology in class 11 know that photosynthesis is a biological process that helps plants to produce their food for a living.
Students can acquire information about the early experiments on photosynthesis, the place where it take place, the number of pigments involved in this process. In conclusion, students can also know about the factors that can affect this process. Chapter Respiration in Plants. The process of breathing is known as respiration in biology.
This chapter provides various examples that prove all plants breathe to live. Also, this chapter explains how glycolysis and fermentation are related to respiration and what is their importance. While moving with this topic, students can get to know about aerobic respiration, the balance sheet of respiration, a quotient of this process, an amphibolic pathway. So, after finishing this chapter, students must have a clear concept of the respiratory system of plants.
Chapter Plant Growth and Development. Growth is one of the most common processes that can be found in all living beings. These aspects include measurements of growth, its phases, rate and condition of growth. Dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, and differentiation; all these terms are also established with valid examples and information. Now, in the second part of this chapter, the development of plants is discussed.
Moreover, it also shows the differences between these two concepts as well. Students can gain information about all the regulators of growth, photoperiodism, and vernalisation of plants. Unit 5: Human Physiology. This unit compounds of seven chapters. Miss India. Info Link: Wold Beauty Pageant awards list download. List of India Ranking in world.
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